Italy is a country that needs no introduction. From the grand canals of Venice to the ancient ruins of Rome and the rolling vineyards of Tuscany, its iconic landmarks have graced the pages of countless travel guides. But while the well-trodden paths of Florence and Milan are undoubtedly beautiful, there is a quieter, more intimate side to Italy that often goes unnoticed. This is the Italy of charming, off-the-beaten-path villages where time seems to have stood still, where the air is filled with the scent of lemon trees, and where every corner reveals a story waiting to be told.
Imagine wandering through cobblestone streets untouched by the chaos of modern life, where the only sounds you hear are the church bells ringing in the distance and the laughter of locals sharing a meal. Picture yourself sipping a glass of wine in a piazza so peaceful that you can hear the breeze rustling through the olive groves. These are the villages that embody the true essence of Italy—places where history, culture, and nature blend seamlessly into a tapestry of experiences that are as authentic as they are unforgettable.
In this article, we’re going to take you on a journey to discover nine of these hidden gems—villages so enchanting and yet so under the radar that even seasoned travelers might not have heard of them. These are the places where you can still find the Italy of your dreams, unspoiled by mass tourism and rich in traditions that have been passed down through generations. So, if you’re ready to step off the beaten path and explore the lesser-known corners of Italy, keep reading. You’re about to discover a side of this beautiful country that will leave you spellbound.
Selection Criteria: Why These Villages?
You might be wondering, with so many picturesque villages in Italy, how did we choose these nine? The answer lies in their unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. We wanted to find places that not only offer breathtaking scenery but also provide a deep sense of connection to Italy’s rich heritage. These villages are characterized by:
- Historical Significance: Each village has a story to tell, with roots that often go back centuries, if not millennia. Whether it’s a medieval fortress or an ancient Roman road, these villages are steeped in history.
- Authentic Culture: These are places where local traditions are still very much alive. From vibrant festivals to artisanal crafts, these villages offer a glimpse into the authentic Italian way of life.
- Stunning Scenery: Italy is known for its beautiful landscapes, and these villages are no exception. Whether nestled in the mountains, perched on a cliff, or surrounded by vineyards, each village offers a unique and breathtaking view.
- Low Tourist Footfall: These are not the places you’ll find on the usual tourist itineraries. They are quieter, more intimate, and provide a more personal experience for travelers who seek to immerse themselves in the local culture.
Village Profiles
1. Civita di Bagnoregio
Overview: Civita di Bagnoregio is often referred to as “the dying city,” a moniker that belies its breathtaking beauty and unique charm. Perched on a plateau of volcanic tuff, this ancient village seems to float above the surrounding valley, accessible only by a long pedestrian bridge. Despite its somewhat eerie nickname, Civita di Bagnoregio is very much alive with history, culture, and natural beauty.
Historical Background: Founded over 2,500 years ago by the Etruscans, Civita di Bagnoregio has witnessed the rise and fall of empires. The village’s precarious position atop a crumbling plateau has made it vulnerable to erosion, leading to the gradual abandonment of the town. Today, Civita di Bagnoregio is a testament to the resilience of its inhabitants, who have preserved its medieval architecture and traditions.
Cultural Highlights: This village is a treasure trove of history and culture. The narrow streets are lined with ancient stone houses, many of which have been restored and converted into charming homes and boutique accommodations. Local artisans continue to produce traditional crafts, and the village hosts several festivals throughout the year, celebrating everything from the harvest to religious holidays.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Civita di Bagnoregio’s most striking feature is its isolation. The village is surrounded by deep ravines, with only the long footbridge connecting it to the outside world. As you walk through the village, you’ll find yourself transported back in time, with every corner revealing a piece of history. The Church of San Donato, located in the main square, is a must-visit, as is the ancient Etruscan archway that serves as the village’s entrance.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Church of San Donato: This 7th-century church is the heart of the village and houses beautiful religious artifacts.
- Explore the Narrow Streets: Wander through the labyrinthine streets and discover hidden courtyards, ancient houses, and breathtaking views.
- Attend a Local Festival: Time your visit to coincide with one of the village’s many festivals, such as the annual Palio della Tonna, a horse race around the main square.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Civita di Bagnoregio is most beautiful in the spring and fall when the weather is mild and the crowds are minimal.
- Hidden Spots: Don’t miss the Belvedere, a viewpoint that offers panoramic views of the surrounding valley.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local artisan shops to meet the craftsmen who keep ancient traditions alive.
How to Get There: The village is located in the province of Viterbo, about 100 kilometers north of Rome. The nearest train station is in Orvieto, from where you can take a bus or taxi to Bagnoregio. From there, it’s a short walk across the bridge to reach Civita.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: For an unforgettable experience, book a night at one of the restored medieval houses in the village. Many of them offer stunning views and a taste of life in an ancient Italian village.
- Eat: La Cantina di Arianna is a charming local restaurant that serves traditional dishes made with locally sourced ingredients.
2. Atrani
Overview: Nestled on the Amalfi Coast, just a stone’s throw from the bustling town of Amalfi, lies Atrani—a village so small and charming that it feels like a secret hideaway. With its pastel-colored houses, narrow alleyways, and stunning coastal views, Atrani is the epitome of Italian seaside beauty.
Historical Background: Atrani has a rich history that dates back to the Roman Empire, but it truly flourished during the Middle Ages when it served as a refuge for noble families from Amalfi. The village’s strategic location, tucked between the sea and the mountains, made it a natural fortress, and its historical significance is still evident in its architecture and layout.
Cultural Highlights: Despite its small size, Atrani is a vibrant village with a strong sense of community. The locals are proud of their heritage, and this is reflected in the many cultural events and religious festivals that take place throughout the year. The Feast of Santa Maria Maddalena, celebrated in July, is a particularly special event, featuring a procession, fireworks, and traditional music.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Atrani is a postcard-perfect village, with its whitewashed buildings clinging to the cliffs and its church domes rising above the sea. The Church of San Salvatore de’ Birecto, with its unique blend of Romanesque and Baroque styles, is a must-visit. The village’s small piazza, Piazza Umberto I, is the heart of Atrani and a great place to sit and soak in the atmosphere.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Church of San Salvatore de’ Birecto: This historic church is one of the village’s most important landmarks and offers a glimpse into Atrani’s religious heritage.
- Relax on the Beach: Atrani’s small beach is a hidden gem, perfect for a quiet afternoon by the sea.
- Explore the Coastal Paths: Take a walk along the Sentiero degli Dei (Path of the Gods) for breathtaking views of the Amalfi Coast.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Atrani is at its best in the early morning or late afternoon when the light is soft, and the village is quieter.
- Hidden Spots: Head to the Torre dello Ziro, an ancient watchtower that offers panoramic views of Atrani and the surrounding coastline.
- Interact with Locals: Spend some time in Piazza Umberto I, where you can chat with locals and enjoy a leisurely coffee.
How to Get There: Atrani is easily accessible from Amalfi, either by foot or by a short bus ride. The nearest train station is in Salerno, from where you can take a bus or ferry to Amalfi.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Casa Raffaele Conforti is a charming B&B located in a historic building, offering a true taste of Atrani’s past.
- Eat: Le Arcate is a family-run restaurant that serves delicious seafood dishes with a view of the sea.
3. Tellaro
Overview: Perched on the cliffs of the Ligurian coast, Tellaro is a picture-perfect fishing village that has remained largely untouched by time. With its pastel-colored houses, narrow streets, and stunning sea views, Tellaro is one of Italy’s best-kept secrets.
Historical Background: Tellaro’s history is deeply intertwined with the sea. For centuries, it was a fishing village, and its maritime heritage is still evident in its architecture and traditions. The village has been a source of inspiration for many artists and writers, who have been captivated by its beauty and tranquility.
Cultural Highlights: Tellaro is a village that thrives on tradition. The Feast of San Giorgio, celebrated in April, is a major event, featuring a procession, fireworks, and a traditional blessing of the sea. The village also has a strong literary connection, having been home to the poet Eugenio Montale, who drew inspiration from its landscapes.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Tellaro’s architecture is a blend of Ligurian and Mediterranean styles, with its colorful houses cascading down the cliffs towards the sea. The village’s narrow streets are lined with charming homes, small chapels, and picturesque squares. The Church of San Giorgio, perched on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea, is a must-visit.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Church of San Giorgio: This historic church is not only a place of worship but also offers stunning views of the sea and the surrounding coastline.
- Explore the Coastal Paths: Tellaro is part of the Parco Naturale Regionale di Montemarcello-Magra, and there are several scenic hiking trails in the area.
- Relax by the Sea: Tellaro’s rocky coastline is perfect for a quiet day by the sea, with several secluded spots where you can swim and sunbathe.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Tellaro is especially beautiful in the spring and early summer when the flowers are in bloom and the village is quieter.
- Hidden Spots: Seek out the hidden coves along the coastline, where you can enjoy a peaceful swim away from the crowds.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local market to buy fresh seafood and produce, and chat with the fishermen who still ply their trade in the village.
How to Get There: Tellaro is located near the town of Lerici, which is easily accessible by bus or car from La Spezia. The nearest train station is in La Spezia, from where you can take a bus or taxi to Tellaro.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Albergo Doria is a charming hotel located in the heart of Tellaro, offering comfortable rooms and stunning sea views.
- Eat: Osteria del Borgo is a small, family-run restaurant that serves traditional Ligurian cuisine with a focus on fresh seafood.
4. Montemerano
Overview: Tucked away in the rolling hills of Tuscany’s Maremma region, Montemerano is a village that exudes medieval charm. With its cobbled streets, ancient stone houses, and picturesque piazzas, Montemerano is the quintessential Tuscan village.
Historical Background: Montemerano’s history dates back to the 12th century when it was founded by the Aldobrandeschi family. The village played a strategic role during the medieval period and was later fortified by the Sienese. Today, Montemerano retains much of its medieval character, with its well-preserved walls and towers.
Cultural Highlights: Montemerano is a village that celebrates its heritage with pride. The annual Palio della Ruzzola, held in August, is a unique event that sees locals compete in a traditional game that involves rolling a wooden disc through the streets of the village. The Feast of San Giorgio, celebrated in April, is another major event, featuring a procession, music, and traditional food.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Montemerano is a feast for the eyes, with its medieval architecture, charming streets, and stunning views of the surrounding countryside. The Church of San Giorgio, with its beautiful frescoes and ornate altar, is a must-visit. The village’s main square, Piazza del Castello, is one of the most beautiful in Tuscany, with its ancient stone buildings and tranquil atmosphere.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Church of San Giorgio: This historic church is home to several important works of art, including a 15th-century painting of the Madonna and Child.
- Explore the Village: Wander through Montemerano’s narrow streets and discover hidden courtyards, ancient towers, and charming homes.
- Relax in the Piazza del Castello: This beautiful square is the perfect place to sit and enjoy a coffee while taking in the village’s atmosphere.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Montemerano is especially beautiful in the fall when the surrounding countryside is ablaze with color.
- Hidden Spots: Head to the top of the village walls for panoramic views of the Maremma region.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local enoteca (wine shop) to taste some of the region’s best wines and chat with the friendly locals.
How to Get There: Montemerano is located about 40 kilometers from Grosseto and is easily accessible by car. The nearest train station is in Grosseto, from where you can take a bus or taxi to Montemerano.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Relais Villa Acquaviva is a beautiful country house located just outside the village, offering elegant rooms and stunning views of the surrounding countryside.
- Eat: Trattoria Il Rifugio is a cozy restaurant that serves traditional Tuscan dishes made with locally sourced ingredients.
5. Spello
Overview: Nestled in the heart of Umbria, Spello is a village that seems to have been plucked from a Renaissance painting. With its ancient walls, cobblestone streets, and stunning views of the surrounding countryside, Spello is a place where history and beauty come together in perfect harmony.
Historical Background: Spello’s history stretches back to Roman times, and this rich heritage is evident in the village’s architecture and layout. The village was an important center during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and many of its buildings date back to this period. Today, Spello is a living museum, with its well-preserved historic center and numerous churches and monuments.
Cultural Highlights: Spello is known for its vibrant cultural scene, with several festivals and events taking place throughout the year. The Infiorate, held in June, is a particularly special event, where the streets of the village are adorned with intricate flower carpets in honor of the Feast of Corpus Christi. The village also hosts a number of art exhibitions, concerts, and theatrical performances.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Spello is a village that invites you to slow down and take in its beauty. The village’s historic center is a maze of narrow streets, lined with ancient stone houses and beautiful churches. The Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, with its stunning frescoes by Pinturicchio, is a must-visit. The village also offers breathtaking views of the Umbrian countryside, with its rolling hills, olive groves, and vineyards.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore: This historic church is home to several important works of art, including the famous Baglioni Chapel, decorated with frescoes by Pinturicchio.
- Explore the Village: Wander through Spello’s narrow streets and discover hidden courtyards, ancient houses, and beautiful churches.
- Attend the Infiorate: If you’re visiting in June, don’t miss the Infiorate, where the streets of Spello are transformed into a colorful carpet of flowers.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Spello is at its most beautiful in the spring and early summer when the flowers are in bloom and the village is alive with festivals and events.
- Hidden Spots: Head to the top of the village for panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local artisan shops to buy handmade ceramics, olive oil, and other traditional products.
How to Get There: Spello is located about 30 kilometers from Perugia and is easily accessible by car or train. The nearest train station is in Spello, from where you can walk to the village center.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Palazzo Bocci is a beautiful historic hotel located in the heart of Spello, offering elegant rooms and a taste of the village’s rich history.
- Eat: La Cantina di Spello is a cozy restaurant that serves traditional Umbrian cuisine with a focus on fresh, local ingredients.
6. Pitigliano
Overview: Perched on a cliff of volcanic tuff in southern Tuscany, Pitigliano is a village that seems to have emerged from the pages of a fairy tale. With its ancient houses, winding streets, and stunning views, Pitigliano is a place where history and beauty are inextricably linked.
Historical Background: Pitigliano’s history dates back to the Etruscan period, and the village’s ancient roots are still visible today. The village was an important center during the medieval period, and its strategic location made it a natural fortress. Pitigliano is also known as “Little Jerusalem” due to its historic Jewish community, which played a significant role in the village’s history.
Cultural Highlights: Pitigliano is a village that is rich in culture and tradition. The village’s Jewish heritage is celebrated every September with the Settimana della Cultura Ebraica (Week of Jewish Culture), which features exhibitions, concerts, and guided tours of the historic Jewish quarter. The village also hosts several other festivals throughout the year, including the Palio dei Somari, a donkey race held in August.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Pitigliano’s architecture is a blend of Etruscan, medieval, and Renaissance styles, with its ancient houses built directly into the cliffs. The village’s historic center is a maze of narrow streets, lined with stone houses, churches, and small shops. The Synagogue of Pitigliano, built in the 16th century, is a must-visit. The village also offers stunning views of the surrounding countryside, with its rolling hills, vineyards, and olive groves.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Synagogue of Pitigliano: This historic synagogue is a testament to the village’s rich Jewish heritage and is home to a small museum.
- Explore the Village: Wander through Pitigliano’s narrow streets and discover hidden courtyards, ancient houses, and beautiful churches.
- Relax in the Piazza della Repubblica: This beautiful square is the perfect place to sit and enjoy a coffee while taking in the village’s atmosphere.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Pitigliano is especially beautiful in the fall when the surrounding countryside is ablaze with color.
- Hidden Spots: Head to the top of the village walls for panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local enoteca (wine shop) to taste some of the region’s best wines and chat with the friendly locals.
How to Get There: Pitigliano is located about 80 kilometers from Grosseto and is easily accessible by car. The nearest train station is in Grosseto, from where you can take a bus or taxi to Pitigliano.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: La Casa degli Archi is a charming bed and breakfast located in the heart of Pitigliano, offering comfortable rooms and stunning views of the surrounding countryside.
- Eat: Trattoria Il Grillo is a cozy restaurant that serves traditional Tuscan dishes made with locally sourced ingredients.
7. Castiglione del Lago
Overview: Nestled on the shores of Lake Trasimeno in Umbria, Castiglione del Lago is a village that combines natural beauty with rich history. With its medieval castle, picturesque streets, and stunning lake views, Castiglione del Lago is a perfect destination for those looking to experience the beauty of central Italy.
Historical Background: Castiglione del Lago’s history dates back to the Etruscan period, and the village has been an important center throughout the ages. The village’s medieval castle, Rocca del Leone, is one of the best-preserved fortresses in Umbria and offers stunning views of Lake Trasimeno. The village was also an important stop on the Via Francigena, a major pilgrimage route during the Middle Ages.
Cultural Highlights: Castiglione del Lago is a village that celebrates its heritage with pride. The annual Festa del Tulipano, held in April, is a major event, featuring a colorful parade, flower displays, and traditional music. The village also hosts several other festivals throughout the year, including the Festa di San Domenico, which celebrates the village’s patron saint with a procession and fireworks.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Castiglione del Lago is a village that offers something for everyone. The village’s historic center is a maze of narrow streets, lined with stone houses, small shops, and beautiful churches. The Rocca del Leone, with its imposing towers and walls, is a must-visit. The village also offers stunning views of Lake Trasimeno, with its tranquil waters and surrounding hills.
Things to Do:
- Visit the Rocca del Leone: This historic castle is not only a place of historical significance but also offers stunning views of Lake Trasimeno and the surrounding countryside.
- Explore the Village: Wander through Castiglione del Lago’s narrow streets and discover hidden courtyards, ancient houses, and beautiful churches.
- Relax by the Lake: Lake Trasimeno is the perfect place for a peaceful day by the water, with several beaches and picnic spots where you can relax and enjoy the views.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Castiglione del Lago is especially beautiful in the spring when the tulips are in bloom and the village is alive with festivals and events.
- Hidden Spots: Head to the top of the village walls for panoramic views of Lake Trasimeno and the surrounding countryside.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local market to buy fresh produce and chat with the friendly locals.
How to Get There: Castiglione del Lago is located about 50 kilometers from Perugia and is easily accessible by car or train. The nearest train station is in Castiglione del Lago, from where you can walk to the village center.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Hotel La Torre is a charming hotel located in the heart of Castiglione del Lago, offering comfortable rooms and stunning lake views.
- Eat: Ristorante L’Acquario is a cozy restaurant that serves traditional Umbrian cuisine with a focus on fresh, local ingredients.
8. San Gimignano
Overview: Known as the “Medieval Manhattan,” San Gimignano is famous for its towering skyline of medieval towers that dominate the Tuscan landscape. This UNESCO World Heritage site is one of Italy’s most iconic villages, offering a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty.
Historical Background: San Gimignano’s history dates back to the 3rd century BC, but it flourished during the Middle Ages when it became a major stop on the Via Francigena, a pilgrimage route to Rome. The village was once home to over 70 towers, built by noble families as symbols of their wealth and power. Today, 14 of these towers still stand, offering a glimpse into the village’s storied past.
Cultural Highlights: San Gimignano is a village that is steeped in culture. The village is home to several important museums and galleries, including the Civic Museum, which houses works by some of Italy’s most famous artists. The village also hosts several festivals throughout the year, including the Ferie delle Messi, a medieval festival that takes place in June and features parades, music, and traditional food.
Architectural and Scenic Features: San Gimignano is a feast for the eyes, with its medieval towers, ancient walls, and stunning views of the surrounding countryside. The village’s historic center is a maze of narrow streets, lined with stone houses, shops, and cafes. The Collegiate Church of San Gimignano, with its beautiful frescoes, is a must-visit. The village also offers breathtaking views of the Tuscan hills, with their vineyards, olive groves, and cypress trees.
Things to Do:
- Climb the Torre Grossa: This is the tallest of San Gimignano’s towers and offers stunning views of the village and the surrounding countryside.
- Visit the Civic Museum: This museum is home to several important works of art, including frescoes by Benozzo Gozzoli and Domenico Ghirlandaio.
- Explore the Village: Wander through San Gimignano’s narrow streets and discover hidden courtyards, ancient houses, and beautiful churches.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: San Gimignano is especially beautiful in the early morning or late afternoon when the light is soft, and the crowds are fewer.
- Hidden Spots: Head to the top of the village walls for panoramic views of the Tuscan countryside.
- Interact with Locals: Visit the local enoteca (wine shop) to taste some of the region’s best wines and chat with the friendly locals.
How to Get There: San Gimignano is located about 50 kilometers from Florence and is easily accessible by car or bus. The nearest train station is in Poggibonsi, from where you can take a bus or taxi to San Gimignano.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Hotel La Cisterna is a charming hotel located in the heart of San Gimignano, offering comfortable rooms and stunning views of the surrounding countryside.
- Eat: Ristorante Le Vecchie Mura is a cozy restaurant that serves traditional Tuscan dishes made with locally sourced ingredients.
9. Matera
Overview: Matera, located in the Basilicata region of southern Italy, is renowned for its ancient cave dwellings and stunning landscapes. The city’s unique history and architecture make it one of Italy’s most fascinating destinations.
Historical Background: Matera’s history dates back to prehistoric times, and it is famous for its Sassi district, a complex of ancient cave dwellings carved into the limestone cliffs. The Sassi have been inhabited since the Paleolithic era and are a UNESCO World Heritage site. Matera has undergone significant restoration and is now recognized for its historical and architectural significance.
Cultural Highlights: Matera is a city with a rich cultural heritage. The Sassi district is home to numerous churches, monasteries, and historical buildings. The city hosts several cultural events throughout the year, including the Matera Film Festival and the Matera Jazz Festival. Matera was named a European Capital of Culture in 2019, reflecting its growing cultural prominence.
Architectural and Scenic Features: Matera’s most distinctive feature is its ancient cave dwellings, which are carved directly into the rock. The Sassi district is divided into two areas: Sasso Barisano and Sasso Caveoso. The city also features beautiful Baroque churches and stunning views of the surrounding ravines and hills.
Things to Do:
- Explore the Sassi: Wander through the narrow streets and alleys of the Sassi district to experience Matera’s unique cave dwellings and historical buildings.
- Visit the Casa Grotta di Vico Solitario: This museum offers a glimpse into traditional life in Matera with its recreated cave dwelling.
- Explore the Matera Cathedral: Located in the city’s historic center, the cathedral offers beautiful views of the Sassi and the surrounding landscape.
Insider Tips:
- Best Time to Visit: Matera is best visited in the spring or fall when the weather is pleasant, and the city is less crowded.
- Hidden Spots: Discover the lesser-known caves and pathways around the Sassi for a more intimate experience of the city.
- Interact with Locals: Enjoy a meal at a traditional trattoria and chat with locals to learn more about the city’s history and culture.
How to Get There: Matera is located about 65 kilometers from Bari and can be reached by car or train. The city has a train station with connections to Bari and other major cities in southern Italy.
Accommodation and Dining Recommendations:
- Stay: Sextantio Le Grotte della Civita offers an extraordinary experience, staying in beautifully restored cave dwellings with modern comforts.
- Eat: Ristorante Francesca is a renowned local restaurant known for its traditional Lucanian cuisine and cozy atmosphere.
Conclusion
Italy’s charming villages offer a rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural beauty. From the cliffside wonders of Civita di Bagnoregio to the medieval splendor of San Gimignano, each village provides a unique experience that captures the essence of Italy. Whether you’re exploring the ancient streets of Matera or enjoying the scenic beauty of Castiglione del Lago, these destinations offer unforgettable journeys into the heart of Italian heritage.